Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form originating from the southern state of Tamil Nadu, is a meticulously structured and stylized art with a deep historical and cultural heritage. It is a mesmerizing dance that harmoniously melds grace, rhythm, storytelling, and spirituality.

History of Bharatanatyam:

Bharatanatyam’s origins can be traced back to the temples of Tamil Nadu, where it was originally known as “Dasi Attam” or “Sadir.” It was performed by Devadasis, who were female temple dancers dedicated to serving deities through their dance and music. The Devadasis played a significant role in the rituals and religious ceremonies of the temples.

In the temples, Bharatanatyam was performed as a form of religious expression, storytelling, and devotion. It was used to convey stories from Hindu mythology, epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and other sacred narratives. The dance was considered a divine offering and a way to connect with the gods.

During the British colonial period in India, Devadasis faced significant social and cultural changes. The British administration and Christian missionaries viewed the Devadasi tradition with suspicion, leading to the suppression of temple dance practices. As a result, the dance was pushed into obscurity and underwent a transformation.

The post-independence period in India saw a resurgence of interest in Bharatanatyam. It was recognized as one of the classical dance forms of India and gained institutional support and patronage. Dancers and gurus continued to innovate and adapt the art form while preserving its core traditions.

Elements of Bharatanatyam:

Nritta : It consists of intricate and rhythmic movements of the body, particularly the legs and feet. Nritta focuses on the dancer’s physical technique, showcasing their mastery of adavus (basic dance units), footwork, and complex patterns.

Nritya: Nritya is the expressive aspect of Bharatanatyam. It involves storytelling through facial expressions, hand gestures (mudras), and body movements. The dancer conveys emotions, moods, and the meaning of the song or story through Nritya. Abhinaya, the art of expression, is a crucial part of Nritya.

Mudras: Mudras are intricate hand gestures that have specific symbolic meanings. Bharatanatyam uses over fifty mudras to convey a wide range of emotions, objects, and ideas. These gestures are essential for storytelling and are mastered through rigorous training.

Abhinaya: Abhinaya is the art of emotional expression in Bharatanatyam. It involves using the entire body, especially the eyes, face, and hands, to convey the lyrics and sentiments of a song or story. Abhinaya requires a deep understanding of the content and the ability to connect with the audience emotionally.

Rasa : In Bharatanatyam, “rasa” encapsulates the emotional essence that the dancer communicates to the audience. This classical dance form aspires to awaken distinct rasas, including love (shringara), valor (veera), compassion (karuna), and more, crafting a profound emotional resonance with the viewers. 

Bhava : Complementing rasa is “bhava,” which signifies the emotional mood or state of mind portrayed by the dancer throughout the performance. Bhava works in tandem with rasa, enabling the conveyance of nuanced emotions linked to the character or theme being enacted.

Natya: Natya encompasses the dramatic aspect of Bharatanatyam. It includes the use of dramatic elements and expressions in storytelling, often involving characters, dialogues, and narratives. The dancer may enact various roles and characters within a performance.

Costume and Makeup: Traditional Bharatanatyam costumes include colorful silk saris for female dancers and dhotis for male dancers. Jewelry, such as earrings, necklaces, and anklets with bells, complements the attire. Elaborate makeup, including bold eye makeup and distinctive facial expressions, is used to enhance the visibility of expressions on stage.

Music and Instruments: Bharatanatyam is often accompanied by classical South Indian music, including vocalists singing Carnatic music compositions. Instruments like the mridangam (percussion), violin, flute, and veena are commonly used. The music sets the rhythm and melody for the dance.

Stage and Lighting: The stage for Bharatanatyam performances is usually well-lit to accentuate the dancer’s expressions and movements. Special attention is given to the use of dramatic lighting to create a visually appealing and evocative atmosphere.

Choreography: Bharatanatyam choreography involves the arrangement and sequence of movements, compositions, and storytelling elements in a dance piece. Choreographers carefully structure the performance to create a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing presentation.

Global Appeal:

Bharatanatyam has gained international recognition and appreciation. Dancers and dance schools in various countries offer training in Bharatanatyam, and it is often performed at cultural events and festivals worldwide, contributing to the global dissemination of Indian culture. Dancers from diverse cultural backgrounds are increasingly taking up Bharatanatyam and collaborating with traditional Indian practitioners. This fusion of different dance styles and influences creates innovative and appealing performances.

Epilogue:

Bharatanatyam, a sublime dance form, weaves a rich tapestry of tradition, spirituality, and artistry. Its intricate hand gestures, expressive movements, and storytelling prowess mesmerize audiences globally. From its sacred origins in South Indian temples to its resurgence in the face of colonial challenges, Bharatanatyam has transcended borders and resonated with diverse cultures. This classical dance stands as a testament to the enduring power of art to unite, inspire, and evoke profound emotions.

Silambam, an ancient Indian martial art, has a rich history that dates back several centuries. Rooted in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, Silambam is a traditional martial art form that focuses on the use of sticks as weapons and is also known for its elaborate and rhythmic movements. This unique art form has not only preserved its historical significance but continues to be practiced and appreciated by enthusiasts and martial artists around the world.

Origins and History:

The origins of Silambam can be traced back to the southern regions of India, particularly Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is believed to have been practiced for over 2,000 years and is closely associated with the ancient Sangam period of Tamil history, which existed between 300 BC and 300 AD.

The name “Silambam” itself is derived from the Tamil word “Silam,” which means “hill” or “mountain,” and “Ambu,” which means “arrow.” This name is a reflection of the art’s historical significance, where sticks were used both as weapons and as tools for hunting in hilly terrains.

Silambam Techniques:

Silambam is distinct for its intricate techniques and forms, which involve the use of sticks in various ways. The primary weapon in Silambam is the “Silambam staff,” a long stick made from various materials, often chosen for their flexibility, durability, and weight. The length of the staff typically varies from practitioner to practitioner, with a general rule being that it should measure from the ground to the practitioner’s armpit.

Key weapons in Silambam:

Silambam incorporates a variety of weapons and equipment, each serving a specific purpose in the practice and training of this art. Here are some of the key weapons and equipment used in Silambam:

Silambam Staff (Silambattam): The primary weapon in Silambam is the staff, also known as the “Silambam stick” or “Silambattam.” It is a long cylindrical stick made from materials like bamboo, rattan, or other hardwoods. The length of the staff can vary based on the practitioner’s height and preference but typically ranges from the ground to the practitioner’s armpit.

Yerikkaiparam: This is a short stick or baton, often made from wood, that is used as a secondary weapon in Silambam. It is typically held in the off-hand to assist in defense or as a secondary striking weapon.

Kodi Kambu (Flagpole): A pole topped with a flag or decorative finial. It can be used as a training tool to develop wrist and arm strength and control in striking and spinning techniques.

Maan Kombu (Deer Horn Knives): These are two curved knives shaped like a deer’s horns. While not as commonly used as the staff, they are occasionally integrated into Silambam for advanced practitioners, primarily for dual-wielding techniques.

Maru Kombu (Metal Rods): Maru Kombu are short metal rods used for striking and self-defense. They are not traditionally part of Silambam but can be incorporated into some modern variations of the art.

Karambit: A small, curved blade with a handle, often used in Filipino martial arts. It is sometimes incorporated into Silambam techniques.

Sword and Shield: Although not typical Silambam weapons, some practitioners combine Silambam techniques with sword and shield techniques, demonstrating versatility and adaptability.

Bullwhip: In some modern interpretations, the bullwhip is used for its precision and dexterity in striking and control.

Philosophy and Training

Silambam is not just about physical combat; it also emphasizes discipline, focus, and self-control. Practitioners often adhere to a code of ethics that promotes respect for one’s opponent and the art itself. Training in Silambam is rigorous and demanding, involving a combination of physical conditioning, techniques, and weapon handling. Additionally, meditation and breath control are also important aspects of Silambam training.

Benefits of Silambam:

Strength and Endurance: Silambam training involves rigorous movements and exercises that help develop muscular strength and endurance, particularly in the upper body.

Flexibility: Practicing Silambam requires a wide range of motion, which helps improve flexibility and agility.

Cardiovascular Health: The fast-paced, rhythmic nature of Silambam training provides an excellent cardiovascular workout, helping to improve heart health and stamina.

Balance and Coordination: The art’s intricate movements and techniques improve balance, coordination, and body control.

Weight Management: Regular practice of Silambam can help with weight management and overall fitness.

Silambam Today:

In recent years, Silambam has gained recognition beyond its traditional roots. It has found its way into the global martial arts community, with practitioners and enthusiasts from different countries showing interest in this unique and ancient martial art. Various organizations and associations have been established to preserve and promote Silambam, organizing competitions, workshops, and seminars to spread awareness and maintain its legacy.

Epilogue:

Silambam, the ancient Indian art of stick fighting, offers a fascinating glimpse into the rich martial heritage of the Tamil Nadu region. Its intricate techniques, deep-rooted philosophy, and cultural significance make it a valuable asset in the world of martial arts. As it continues to evolve and gain popularity on a global scale, Silambam serves as a testament to the enduring appeal of traditional martial arts. Whether you’re an aspiring martial artist or simply interested in exploring the cultural aspects of India, Silambam is a treasure worth discovering.

Overview of Thanjavur Paintings

Thanjavur Paintings are a traditional style of art work with its origin in Thanjavur or Tanjore. This art form dates back to the Maratha court of Thanjavur (1676-1855). Thanjavur paintings have been recognized as a Geographical Indication by the Government of India in 2007-08.

Image Attribution : Richard Mortel

History of Thanjavur Paintings

Thanjavur paintings have evolved over the years. Here’s a look at the history of Thanjavur paintings.

• Thanjavur paintings date back to as early as the period of Cholas (11th century) and Nayaks (16th century).
• With the fall of Vijayanagar Empire, some of the painters migrated to Thanjavur and worked under the patronage of the Thanjavur Nayaks.
• Later, when the Thanjavur Nayaks got defeated by the Maratha rulers, there was an evident influence of the Maratha patrons on the artists. This led to the evolution of the unique style of Thanjavur paintings.
• Thanjavur artists were involved in painting and decorating temples, palaces and residences of the Maratha kings and aristocrats.

Style and Themes of Tanjore Paintings

The characteristics and themes of Tanjore paintings are extensive and unique. Here are a few insights into the style in which Thanjavur paintings were created-
· The subject for most of the paintings is tales from Hindu mythology.
· Hindu gods, goddesses, saints, puranic tales and religious texts form the central part of Thanjavur paintings surrounded by other themes and figures.
· The paintings are distinguished by vivid and bright colours, intricate iconic representations embellished by gold coating.
· Thanjavur paintings are usually done on a canvas pasted on wooden planks.

The Making of Tanjore Paintings

The base for the Tanjore painting is a wooden plank on which a cloth is pasted. A preliminary sketch of the drawing is made on the base. To the base, a mixture of chalk powder/zinc oxide with water soluble adhesive is applied. The drawing is then decorated with pearls, glass beads or even with precious stones. To enhance the effect of the painting, bright hues are used for some parts of the painting while the other parts are pasted with thin gold sheets.

Artists of Thanjavur Paintings

The artists behind paintings in Thanjavur style belonged to the Raju community of Thanjavur and Trichy and the Nayadu community of Madurai. These artists were from the Rayalseema region of Andhra who originally spoke Telugu. But with the fall of Vijayanagar rule and the forming of Nayak rule in Thanjavur and Madurai, they opted to move to Tamil Nadu. Many of the artists from yesteryears remained anonymous owing to the artistic tradition.

Display of Thanjavur Paintings

Fine examples of Thanjavur paintings are displayed for public at the below mentioned places:

• Saraswathi Mahal in Thanjavur
• The Government Museum, Chennai
• Thanjavur Art Gallery, Thanjavur
• The British Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum, England
• The National Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark

Epilogue

Though the crafting methods and materials used have drastically changed over the years, this ancient art form continues to gain popularity. Thanjavur paintings are often used as souvenirs of art to decorate walls or as a perfect gift for art lovers.

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Thanjavur Thalayatti Bommai

The famous Thanjavur Dolls are traditionally handmade toys popularly known as the Thanjavur Thalayatti Bommai in the Tamil language. The doll’s continuous oscillating movement while shaking its head and body grabs our attention instantly. Thanjavur Dolls have been recognized as Geographical Indication (GI) by the Government of India as of 2008-09.

What makes Thanjavur Dancing Dolls so unique?

• Thanjavur Dolls’ origination dates back to the early 19th century and forms a part of the rich heritage and traditional handicrafts of Thanjavur.
• The exquisite style of the dolls is the work of skilled artisans and craftsmen of Thanjavur who are responsible for its wide appeal across the world. The dolls are made using plaster of paris, paper mache, clay and wax.
• Thanjavur Dolls are generally a pair of king and queen. These lively, colourful dolls and their dancing style have a friendly welcoming aura. Their body movements especially shaking of heads is the most striking feature.
• These dazzling dolls are so made that their core weight is at the bottom-most region and hence can manage to balance themselves elegantly. Also, the heads of these dolls are detachable from the body.
• Thanjavur Dolls are of two kinds, the bobble-head style and the tilting doll style. The dancing girl and old man and woman dolls, which are a version of bobble-head, are very popular ones.
• Thanjavur Dolls are perfect for decorating our home interiors and also to give away as gifts and souvenirs.
• These dolls are primarily available at Punainallur Mariamman Temple in Thanjavur and are now available for purchase on online platforms.

Buy Thanjavur dancing dolls online:

If you want to buy the famous Thanjavur dancing dolls online, click to Thanjavur Dolls Online

Thanjavur Dolls are not just a beautiful piece of artwork but also signify the traditional Indian craft that we need to preserve, encourage and take pride in.

Image Attribution: Avin CP