Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form originating from the southern state of Tamil Nadu, is a meticulously structured and stylized art with a deep historical and cultural heritage. It is a mesmerizing dance that harmoniously melds grace, rhythm, storytelling, and spirituality.
History of Bharatanatyam:
Bharatanatyam’s origins can be traced back to the temples of Tamil Nadu, where it was originally known as “Dasi Attam” or “Sadir.” It was performed by Devadasis, who were female temple dancers dedicated to serving deities through their dance and music. The Devadasis played a significant role in the rituals and religious ceremonies of the temples.
In the temples, Bharatanatyam was performed as a form of religious expression, storytelling, and devotion. It was used to convey stories from Hindu mythology, epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata, and other sacred narratives. The dance was considered a divine offering and a way to connect with the gods.
During the British colonial period in India, Devadasis faced significant social and cultural changes. The British administration and Christian missionaries viewed the Devadasi tradition with suspicion, leading to the suppression of temple dance practices. As a result, the dance was pushed into obscurity and underwent a transformation.
The post-independence period in India saw a resurgence of interest in Bharatanatyam. It was recognized as one of the classical dance forms of India and gained institutional support and patronage. Dancers and gurus continued to innovate and adapt the art form while preserving its core traditions.
Elements of Bharatanatyam:
Nritta : It consists of intricate and rhythmic movements of the body, particularly the legs and feet. Nritta focuses on the dancer’s physical technique, showcasing their mastery of adavus (basic dance units), footwork, and complex patterns.
Nritya: Nritya is the expressive aspect of Bharatanatyam. It involves storytelling through facial expressions, hand gestures (mudras), and body movements. The dancer conveys emotions, moods, and the meaning of the song or story through Nritya. Abhinaya, the art of expression, is a crucial part of Nritya.
Mudras: Mudras are intricate hand gestures that have specific symbolic meanings. Bharatanatyam uses over fifty mudras to convey a wide range of emotions, objects, and ideas. These gestures are essential for storytelling and are mastered through rigorous training.
Abhinaya: Abhinaya is the art of emotional expression in Bharatanatyam. It involves using the entire body, especially the eyes, face, and hands, to convey the lyrics and sentiments of a song or story. Abhinaya requires a deep understanding of the content and the ability to connect with the audience emotionally.
Rasa : In Bharatanatyam, “rasa” encapsulates the emotional essence that the dancer communicates to the audience. This classical dance form aspires to awaken distinct rasas, including love (shringara), valor (veera), compassion (karuna), and more, crafting a profound emotional resonance with the viewers.
Bhava : Complementing rasa is “bhava,” which signifies the emotional mood or state of mind portrayed by the dancer throughout the performance. Bhava works in tandem with rasa, enabling the conveyance of nuanced emotions linked to the character or theme being enacted.
Natya: Natya encompasses the dramatic aspect of Bharatanatyam. It includes the use of dramatic elements and expressions in storytelling, often involving characters, dialogues, and narratives. The dancer may enact various roles and characters within a performance.
Costume and Makeup: Traditional Bharatanatyam costumes include colorful silk saris for female dancers and dhotis for male dancers. Jewelry, such as earrings, necklaces, and anklets with bells, complements the attire. Elaborate makeup, including bold eye makeup and distinctive facial expressions, is used to enhance the visibility of expressions on stage.
Music and Instruments: Bharatanatyam is often accompanied by classical South Indian music, including vocalists singing Carnatic music compositions. Instruments like the mridangam (percussion), violin, flute, and veena are commonly used. The music sets the rhythm and melody for the dance.
Stage and Lighting: The stage for Bharatanatyam performances is usually well-lit to accentuate the dancer’s expressions and movements. Special attention is given to the use of dramatic lighting to create a visually appealing and evocative atmosphere.
Choreography: Bharatanatyam choreography involves the arrangement and sequence of movements, compositions, and storytelling elements in a dance piece. Choreographers carefully structure the performance to create a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing presentation.
Global Appeal:
Bharatanatyam has gained international recognition and appreciation. Dancers and dance schools in various countries offer training in Bharatanatyam, and it is often performed at cultural events and festivals worldwide, contributing to the global dissemination of Indian culture. Dancers from diverse cultural backgrounds are increasingly taking up Bharatanatyam and collaborating with traditional Indian practitioners. This fusion of different dance styles and influences creates innovative and appealing performances.
Epilogue:
Bharatanatyam, a sublime dance form, weaves a rich tapestry of tradition, spirituality, and artistry. Its intricate hand gestures, expressive movements, and storytelling prowess mesmerize audiences globally. From its sacred origins in South Indian temples to its resurgence in the face of colonial challenges, Bharatanatyam has transcended borders and resonated with diverse cultures. This classical dance stands as a testament to the enduring power of art to unite, inspire, and evoke profound emotions.
Silambam, an ancient Indian martial art, has a rich history that dates back several centuries. Rooted in the southern state of Tamil Nadu, Silambam is a traditional martial art form that focuses on the use of sticks as weapons and is also known for its elaborate and rhythmic movements. This unique art form has not only preserved its historical significance but continues to be practiced and appreciated by enthusiasts and martial artists around the world.
Origins and History:
The origins of Silambam can be traced back to the southern regions of India, particularly Tamil Nadu and Kerala. It is believed to have been practiced for over 2,000 years and is closely associated with the ancient Sangam period of Tamil history, which existed between 300 BC and 300 AD.
The name “Silambam” itself is derived from the Tamil word “Silam,” which means “hill” or “mountain,” and “Ambu,” which means “arrow.” This name is a reflection of the art’s historical significance, where sticks were used both as weapons and as tools for hunting in hilly terrains.
Silambam Techniques:
Silambam is distinct for its intricate techniques and forms, which involve the use of sticks in various ways. The primary weapon in Silambam is the “Silambam staff,” a long stick made from various materials, often chosen for their flexibility, durability, and weight. The length of the staff typically varies from practitioner to practitioner, with a general rule being that it should measure from the ground to the practitioner’s armpit.
Key weapons in Silambam:
Silambam incorporates a variety of weapons and equipment, each serving a specific purpose in the practice and training of this art. Here are some of the key weapons and equipment used in Silambam:
Silambam Staff (Silambattam): The primary weapon in Silambam is the staff, also known as the “Silambam stick” or “Silambattam.” It is a long cylindrical stick made from materials like bamboo, rattan, or other hardwoods. The length of the staff can vary based on the practitioner’s height and preference but typically ranges from the ground to the practitioner’s armpit.
Yerikkaiparam: This is a short stick or baton, often made from wood, that is used as a secondary weapon in Silambam. It is typically held in the off-hand to assist in defense or as a secondary striking weapon.
Kodi Kambu (Flagpole): A pole topped with a flag or decorative finial. It can be used as a training tool to develop wrist and arm strength and control in striking and spinning techniques.
Maan Kombu (Deer Horn Knives): These are two curved knives shaped like a deer’s horns. While not as commonly used as the staff, they are occasionally integrated into Silambam for advanced practitioners, primarily for dual-wielding techniques.
Maru Kombu (Metal Rods): Maru Kombu are short metal rods used for striking and self-defense. They are not traditionally part of Silambam but can be incorporated into some modern variations of the art.
Karambit: A small, curved blade with a handle, often used in Filipino martial arts. It is sometimes incorporated into Silambam techniques.
Sword and Shield: Although not typical Silambam weapons, some practitioners combine Silambam techniques with sword and shield techniques, demonstrating versatility and adaptability.
Bullwhip: In some modern interpretations, the bullwhip is used for its precision and dexterity in striking and control.
Philosophy and Training
Silambam is not just about physical combat; it also emphasizes discipline, focus, and self-control. Practitioners often adhere to a code of ethics that promotes respect for one’s opponent and the art itself. Training in Silambam is rigorous and demanding, involving a combination of physical conditioning, techniques, and weapon handling. Additionally, meditation and breath control are also important aspects of Silambam training.
Benefits of Silambam:
Strength and Endurance: Silambam training involves rigorous movements and exercises that help develop muscular strength and endurance, particularly in the upper body.
Flexibility: Practicing Silambam requires a wide range of motion, which helps improve flexibility and agility.
Cardiovascular Health: The fast-paced, rhythmic nature of Silambam training provides an excellent cardiovascular workout, helping to improve heart health and stamina.
Balance and Coordination: The art’s intricate movements and techniques improve balance, coordination, and body control.
Weight Management: Regular practice of Silambam can help with weight management and overall fitness.
Silambam Today:
In recent years, Silambam has gained recognition beyond its traditional roots. It has found its way into the global martial arts community, with practitioners and enthusiasts from different countries showing interest in this unique and ancient martial art. Various organizations and associations have been established to preserve and promote Silambam, organizing competitions, workshops, and seminars to spread awareness and maintain its legacy.
Epilogue:
Silambam, the ancient Indian art of stick fighting, offers a fascinating glimpse into the rich martial heritage of the Tamil Nadu region. Its intricate techniques, deep-rooted philosophy, and cultural significance make it a valuable asset in the world of martial arts. As it continues to evolve and gain popularity on a global scale, Silambam serves as a testament to the enduring appeal of traditional martial arts. Whether you’re an aspiring martial artist or simply interested in exploring the cultural aspects of India, Silambam is a treasure worth discovering.
Chitannavasal, situated near the town of Pudukottai, is a fascinating archaeological site located in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is renowned for its rock-cut cave temple complex that showcases the architectural and artistic brilliance of ancient India.
Overview of Chitannavasal Cave Temple:
- The primary attraction at Chitannavasal is the Jain rock-cut cave temple, which dates back to the 9th century CE.
- These caves served as a haven for Jain monks, providing them with a place for meditation, worship, and artistic expression.
- The site is of great historical importance as it offers insights into the thriving Jain culture that once flourished in the region.
Architecture of Chitannavasal Cave Temple:
The cave temple complex at Sithanavasal comprises a series of rock-cut shrines adorned with exquisite painting. These paintings primarily depict scenes from Jain mythology, showcasing the lives of Tirthankaras (spiritual leaders) and other important Jain figures. The use of vibrant colors and intricate detailing is a testament to the artistic skills of the period. The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has taken measures to safeguard the site and its artwork from further deterioration.
Chitannavasal Paintings:
The Chitannavasal frescoes are a collection of paintings discovered in the rock-cut temple of Chitannavasal, located in the Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu, India. These frescoes are believed to have been created by Jain monks who lived in the temple during the 9th century AD. The frescoes depict various scenes from Jain mythology and are considered to be one of the earliest examples of South Indian mural art. Sithanavasal Paintings are unique attractions of Sithanavasal Cave Temple.
The frescoes are known for their vibrant colors and intricate details. The pigments used in these frescoes were made from natural materials such as minerals, vegetables, and animal products. The frescoes have been preserved well over time and are a testament to the artistic and cultural heritage of Tamil Nadu.
Visting hour and Fee structure of Chitannavasal temple:
The temple’s visiting hours are from 9:30 AM to 5:00 PM. The admission fee is Rs. 5/- for Indian nationals and Rs. 100/- for foreign tourists per person.
How to reach Sithanavasal Cave Temple:
The temple is conveniently accessible via buses or taxis. The closest airport is Trichy Airport, located 45 kilometers away, and the nearest railway station is Pudukkottai Railway Station, situated 18 kilometers away.
The monuments at Mahabalipuram are monolith beautiful sculptures depicting our rich history and culture. The monuments and temples at Mahabalipuram including the Shore Temple complex were collectively classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.
The Mahabalipuram stone sculptures carved in stone have been inspired by the Pallava style of art. Each of the monuments at Mahabalipuram is dedicated to a deity or character from Hindu mythology and thereby represents Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism.
The monuments include – Rathas (chariot shaped temples), Mandapas (cave temples), Rock Reliefs, Structural Temples and Excavations.
The monuments at Mahabalipuram have lots in store for art lovers and history buffs. Mahabalipuram falls in Kanchipuram District and is well connected to all major cities through road. The nearest airport is at Chennai (around 60 kilometres away).
Mahabalipuram related posts
The Mahabalipuram Shore Temple built in 700-728 AD is one of the oldest structural stone temples of South India built under the reign of Narasmhavarman II. The temple located in Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) overlooks the shore of the Bay of Bengal and hence is named the Shore Temple. The temple is a complex of temples and shrines, built with blocks of granite dating from the 8th century AD.
The monuments and temples at Mahabalipuram including the Shore Temple complex were collectively classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1984.
History of Mahabalipuram Shore Temple
The south Indian state of Mamallapuram or Mahabalipuram was nicknamed “Seven Pagodas” since the first European explorers reached it. Legend has it that apart from the Shore Temple, six other temples once stood with it.
King Narasimhavarman II of the Pallava Dynasty is accredited for the architectural elegance of the Shore Temple as a structural temple complex. The Cholas later built additional parts of the temple after it took over Mahabalipuram from the Pallavas.
In December 2004, The Tsunami that struck the coastline of Coromandel exposed an old collapsed temple and also some ancient rock sculptures that used to decorate walls and temples during the Pallava period. It is inferred that this temple complex was the last in a series of temples that is believed to have existed in the submerged coastline. Only a portion of the Shore Temple was damaged during the Tsunami that occurred in December 2004.
Legend behind the temple
Myth associates the temple with the famous story of Prahalada and his father King Hiranyakashipu. Prahalada was an ardent devotee of Lord Vishnu. The King in his arrogance and rage dared to abuse the Lord and so was eventually killed by the Lord. According to the legend, Prahalada’s son Bali founded Mahabalipuram in this place.
Another myth goes on to state that the Gods caused floods to submerge a part of this temple and the city as they were envious of its architectural beauty.
The Mahabalipuram Shore Temple Structure
The Shore Temple complex encompasses three temples built on the same platform. The main Shore Temple with its chief deity Lord Shiva (in Lingam Form) faces east. This temple is five-storeyed and is built with sculpted granite stones.
The temple has three shrines – main and the second shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva while the third one dedicated to a reclining form of Lord Vishnu. The entrance to the temple is from the western gateway through a barren vault Gopuram.
Other Prominent Features of the Temple
- The temple’s sanctum sanctorum having a small Mandapam, enshrines Lord Shiva, and is surrounded by a heavy outer wall with a small space in between for circumambulation.
- The other shrines found in the temple are that of Ksatriyasimmesvara, Lord Vishnu and Goddess Durga.
- Like the Vishnu shrine, the inner and outer walls around the two Shiva shrines include rich cultural depictions.
- The temple tower or Shikaras of the two temples dedicated to Lord Shiva are octagonal in shape and have been built in the Dravidian style of architecture.
- The interior walls of the sanctum of the east facing Kshatriyasimhesvara temple features the Dharalinga and the Somaskanda panel.
- The outer walls of the Shore Temple also consist of artistic structures carved out of boulders, which have worn away in time due to its exposure to wind and water.
- At the entrance wall is a row of bulls representing Nandi (the holy vehicle of Lord Shiva).
- Shore temple stands as a background of the Mahabalipuram Dance Festival held in January/February every year.
- Shore Temple acts as a prominent landmark during the day grasping the first rays of the rising sun and was once believed to be a signal for navigation of ships at night.
- The temple does not involve active worship today but devotees can sometimes be seen worshipping and offering flowers to the deities.
- The temple structure is being conserved by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).
Significance of the Mahabalipuram Temple
The Shore temple marked an important transition from rock cut structures to free standing structural temple. It is a fine example of the Dravidian style of architecture. The significance of the Shore Temple also lies in the blend of religious harmony as it houses the shrines of both Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu.
How to reach Mahabalipuram
Mahabalipuram in Chengalpattu district is well connected through road to all major cities in Tamil Nadu. The nearest airport is at Chennai (around 55 kilometres away).
Epilogue
The Shore Temple is a perfect destination to explore if you are a lover of art and history. Soak in the beauty of the Shore Temple and the sea while you are in Mahabalipuram.