Pamban Bridge: India’s First Sea Bridge – History, Facts & Travel Guide
Known to be India’s first sea bridge, the Pamban Bridge is an engineering marvel and one of its kind. Pamban Bridge is the bridge connecting the town of Rameswaram on Pamban Island to mainland India.
With 143 piers, spanning 2 kilometres between the mainland and the island, Pamban Bridge is the second longest sea bridge in India after the 2.3 kilometres long Bandra-Worli sea link in Mumbai’s western coast.
Pamban Bridge is located in Rameswaram which forms the south eastern tip of India. Rameswaram connects itself to mainland India through this century old sea bridge.
The Unique Design of Pamban Bridge
Pamban Bridge is the first cantilever bridge to be built. The double-leaf bascule section of the bridge was constructed a century ago, so that the ferry services are not interrupted. The bridge opens into two facilitating the ships and ferries to cross the Palk Strait that connects Rameswaram and Pamban Island. The splitting of the bridge is a breathtaking sight to marvel.
The bridge consists of over 140 spans with midway along the bridge (i.e 114th span) being called Scherzer span. The total length of the bridge is 2.057 kilometres. It has 145 spans of 12.20 metres steel girder and Scherzer navigational rolling lift span of 225 metres.
The Construction of Pamban Bridge
The construction of the rail bridge commenced by 1911 and was commissioned in February 24, 1914. German engineer Scherzer designed the central part of the bridge that opens up to allow ferry movement. On an average, 10 to 15 boats and small ships cross from beneath the bridge every month.
The cyclonic storm of 1964 that flattened the port town Dhanushkodi caused a huge damage to the bridge but the rolling life centre span was not damaged. Around 600 workers and 4000 tonnes of cement were used for the construction of the bridge.
Maintenance of the Bridge
The cyclone in 1964 led to a tragic train accident, after which the Indian Railways installed devices to check the wind velocity across the Pamban via duct. Train movement is halted on the bridge when the wind speed exceeds 58 kmph. The railway line on Pamban Bridge was converted from metre-gauge to broad-gauge in the year 2007.
Pamban Road Bridge – The Parallel Beauty!
Apart from the railway bridge, there is also a road bridge that connects Rameswaram to the mainland. Officially called the Annai Indira Gandhi Road Bridge, this bridge was opened in 1988 and runs parallel to the railway bridge. It is about 2.3 km long and offers breathtaking views of the ocean, fishing boats, and the railway bridge below.
Driving across this bridge is a thrilling experience, especially during sunrise or sunset when the golden light reflects off the water. The bridge is also a favorite spot for photographers and tourists who stop by to take in the scenic beauty. If you want the best view of the railway bridge, this road bridge is the perfect place to stop and watch the trains pass over the sea.
The New Pamban Bridge: India’s First Vertical Sea-Bridge
Recognizing the need for modernization, construction of a new Pamban Bridge commenced in February 2020. This contemporary structure, spanning 2,070 meters, features India’s first vertical lift mechanism, allowing sections to rise for maritime passage. Designed to accommodate double-track railway lines and future electrification, the new bridge stands 3 meters higher than its predecessor, enhancing both capacity and safety. As of September 2024, construction was completed, with trial runs conducted in October 2024. The bridge is slated to open for traffic on April 6, 2025, marking a significant milestone in India’s infrastructural development.
How to Reach Pamban Bridge
The bridge is located 14.8 kilometres from Rameswaram. Public or private transport is available to Pamban Bridge from Ramanathapuram and Rameswaram. Rameswaram has its own railway station. The nearest airports are at Madurai, around 120 kilometres from Ramanathapuram and Thoothukudi which is around 145 kilometres from Ramanathapuram.
Epilogue
Pamban Bridge is one of the prime attractions of Tamil Nadu. Take a ride over the fascinating Pamban Bridge for a thrilling experience. The bridge also offers a spectacular view of the sea, Rameswaram Island, Kunthukal Vivekananda Memorial and the nearby islands. One can also have a fun family time in the Children’s Park at Mandapam shore at the farther end of Pamban Bridge.
- Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial – Rameswaram
- Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram
- Agni Theertham Beach
- Dhanushkodi
Overview of Ramanathaswamy Temple, Rameswaram
Ramanathaswamy Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva and is located on Rameswaram Island in Ramanathapuram district. The temple has been built in Dravidian style of architecture.
Ramanathaswamy Temple forms a prominent pilgrimage centre for followers of Hinduism.
The Legend behind Ramanathaswamy Temple
The presiding deity of the temple, Lord Shiva venerated as Ramanathaswamy in Lingam form, is believed to have installed and worshipped by Lord Rama.
According to the Indian epic Ramayana, Lord Rama (the seventh avatar of Lord Vishnu) prayed to Lord Shiva for the absolution of his sins committed during his war against the demon king Ravana of Sri Lanka. Lord Rama directed his devotee Hanuman to bring a lingam from Himalayas. When Hanuman delayed in bringing the lingam, a small lingam was made out of sand by Sita, the consort of Lord Rama on the shores of Rameswaram. This is believed to be the lingam in the sanctum.
The Architecture of Ramanathaswamy Temple
The establishment of the temple from a thatched shed to the present structure is mainly attributed to the Setupatis of Ramanathapuram.
The sanctum of the temple has two lingams – Ramalingam that was built by Sita from sand, resides as the main deity and Vishwalingam brought by Hanuman from Kailash.
The temple has high compound walls on all four sides with huge towers to the east and west and finished gate towers to the north and south. The temple interior has striking long corridors. The outer set of corridors is regarded to be the longest in the world having 1212 pillars. The Rajagopuram (temple tower) is 53 metres tall. The temple consists of various halls namely Anuppu Mandapam, Sukravara Mandapam, Setupati Mandapam, Kalyana Mandapam and Nandi Mandapam.
The temple houses separate shrines for Ramanathaswamy and his consort Goddess Parvathavardhini separated by a corridor. Shrines of Goddess Vishalakshi, Parvathavardhini, Subramanya, Nataraja, Hanuman, Lord Vishnu and Lord Ganesha can also be found inside the temple.
Interesting Facts about Rameswaram Ramanthaswamy Temple
- Rameswaram Ramanathaswamy Temple is one of the twelve Jyothirlinga temples and one of the 274 Paadal Petra Sthalams. Three of the most revered Nayanars (Saivite saints) – Appar, Sundarar and Tirugnana Sambandar have glorified the temple with their songs. The temple is one of the holy Char Dham (four divine sites), the other three being Badrinath, Puri and Dwaraka.
- The temple boasts of its corridor with a 197-metre span from East to West and a 133-metre span from South to North, making it the longest one in Asia.
- As was instructed by Lord Rama, Vishwalingam (brought by Hanuman from Kailash) is worshipped first even today.
- The Maratha kings who had ruled Thanjavur established rest houses throughout Rameswaram and Mayiladuthurai and donated them to the temple.
- It is believed that no Hindu devotee’s journey is complete without a pilgrimage to Varanasi and Rameswaram as a step towards attainment of salvation.
The Sacred 22 Holy Theerthams
There are sixty-four Theerthams (holy water bodies) in and around Rameswaram; Agni Theertham considered to be the primary seashore associated with the temple. Twenty-two (22) of the Teerthams are within the Ramanathaswamy Temple. Bathing in these Theerthams is considered equivalent to penance and forms a major aspect of the pilgrimage to Rameswaram. Each of the Theerthams has its own significance. Temple Timings The temple is open in the morning from 5:00 AM to 1:00 PM and in the evening from 3:00 PM to 9:00 PM.
The Rituals and Pujas at Rameshwaram Temple
| Pooja details of Rameshwaram Temple | Timings |
|---|---|
| Palliyarai Deepa Aradhana | 5:00 AM |
| Spadigalinga Deepa Aradhana | 5:10 AM |
| Thiruvananthal Deepa Aradhana | 5:45 AM |
| Vila Pooja | 7:00 AM |
| Kalasanthi Pooja | 10:00 AM |
| Uchikala Pooja | 12 Noon |
| Sayaratchai Pooja | 6:00 PM |
| Arthajama Pooja | 8:30 PM |
| Pilliyarai Pooja | 8:45 PM |
Ramanathaswamy Temple Festivals
The prominent festivals observed in the temple are:
- Maha Sivarathri – 10 days festival during the Tamil month of Maasi (February-March)
- Vasanthotsavam – 10 days festival during the Tamil month of Vaikasi (May-June)
- Ramalinga Prathishtai – 3 days festival during the Tamil month of Aani (June-July)
- Thirukalyanam – 17 days festival during the Tamil month of Aadi (July-August)
- Navarathri – 10 days festival during the Tamil month of Purattasi (September-October)
- Kantha Sashti – 6 days festival during the Tamil month of Aippasi (October-November)
- Aarudhra Darshanam – 10 days festival during the Tamil month of Margazhi (December-January)
How to reach Rameswaram
Rameswaram is well connected by road and rail with Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Trichy and other important cities. The 2.3 kilometres long Indira Gandhi Road Bridge (popularly called Pamban Bridge) connects Mandapam (a place on Indian mainland) with Pamban (fisherman town in Rameswaram). The city bus stand is at a distance of around 2 kilometres from Ramanathaswamy Temple. Rameswaram has a railway station, about 1.3 kilometres from the temple. The nearest airport is at Madurai, 163 kilometres from Rameswaram.
Epilogue
Ramanathaswamy Temple is a holy paradise for devotees and an ideal delight for tourists. With its architectural grandeur, imposing temple tower, magnificent long corridors, aesthetically carved pillars and holy water bodies purifying mind and soul, the temple attracts millions of pilgrims every year.
Tips for Visiting Rameswaram Ramanathaswamy Temple
Temple Rituals:
- Holy Bath: Take a dip in the sacred waters of the 22 holy theerthams, believed to purify the soul.
- Main Darshan: Seek the blessings of Lord Ramanatha Swamy at the main shrine.
- Pujas and Offerings: Participate in various pujas and offer prayers.
Temple Etiquette:
- Respectful Behavior: Maintain silence and a respectful demeanor within the temple premises.
- Photography Restrictions: Mobile phone is strictly not allowed inside the temple.
- Queue Discipline: Follow the queue system and wait patiently for your turn.
Exploring the Complex:
- Holy Wells: Visit the 22 holy wells, each with its own significance.
- Ramanathaswamy Temple: Admire the magnificent architecture and intricate carvings.
- Other Temples: Explore nearby temples like the Hanuman Temple and the Kothandarama Swamy Temple.
Local Cuisine:
- Vegetarian Options: Enjoy vegetarian dishes influenced by South Indian cuisine.
- Seafood Delights: Indulge in fresh seafood delicacies.
By following these tips, you can make the most of your pilgrimage to Ramanathaswamy Temple and immerse yourself in its spiritual significance.
Tourist Attractions near Rameswaram:
- Agni Theertham Beach
- Dhanushkodi
- APJ Abdul Kalam Memorial – Rameswaram
- Kunthukal Beach
- Pamban Bridge
Located inside the Vellore Fort is a temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, by name Jalakandeswarar Temple. The temple belongs to the Vijayanagar period. It is owned and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) while the administration was taken over by the Government of Tamil Nadu.
Image Attribution : Soham Banarjee
History of Jalakandeswarar Temple
As per the legend associated with the temple, there once was a giant ant-hill at the place where the temple stands now. The ant-hill is said to have been surrounded by stagnant water. Chinni Bommi Nayaka, a Vijayanagar chieftain and the then controller of the fort had a dream where Lord Shiva asked him to build a temple at that location. He, therefore, demolished the ant-hill and built a temple in 1550 AD. The temple was named Jalakandeswarar referring to Lord Shiva who resides in water. The temple also has the shrine of Sri Akhilandeshwari Amman, consort of Lord Jalakandeswarar.
The temple was mutilated during the capture of the Fort and Muslim invasion, following which, worship in the temple was stopped and it was used as an arsenal for nearly 400 years. The main deity was later moved to Jalakanda Vinayakar Temple for its safety.
The ASI took charge over the maintenance of the fort in the year 1921, after which the temple was still not used for worship. However, in the year 1981, the deity was removed from the Jalakanda Vinayakar Temple and secretly smuggled inside the fort. The deity was the cautiously re-installed and worship was re-instated.
The Temple Architecture
The temple is a supreme example of Vijayanagar architecture. The architectural marvels of the temple can be traced in the exquisitely carved temple tower and the stone pillars, impressive monoliths and sculptures and a Mandapam with beautifully carved stone pillars. The temple is surrounded by water.
Lord Jalakandeswarar in Lingam form is the chief deity. Nandi statue is seen in front of the main sanctum. The outer wall of the Amman sanctum houses the shrines of Lord Vinayaka, Goddesses Maheswari, Vaishnavi, Varahi, Lakshmi and Saraswathi.
Jalakandeswarar Temple Timings
The temple is open on all days from 6:30 AM to 1:00 PM and 5:00 PM to 8:30 PM.
Jalakandeswarar Temple Festivals
The following festivals are celebrated in the temple: Chitra Pournami – 10 day festival (April-May). Surasamharam – in the month of Aipasi (October-November). Aadi Pooram – 10-day festival (July-August). Vinayaka Chathurthi – in the month of Avani (August-September). Navarathri – in the month of Purattasi (September-October)
How to reach Jalakandeswarar Temple
Jalakandeswarar Temple is located inside the Vellore Fort. Vellore Fort is located at a distance of 138 kilometres from Chennai. Katpadi Junction in Vellore (around 7.5 kilometres north of the fort) is the nearest railway station.
Vellore is well connected by road and rail with all the major cities in South India. The nearest international airport is at Chennai, 128 kilometres east of Vellore.
Situated in the heart of Vellore city is one of the most invincible forts in Tamil Nadu, the Vellore Fort. The fort was built by the rulers of erstwhile Vijayanagara Empire and was at once the seat of the Aravidu Dynasty of the Empire.
The fort is best known for its military architecture, grand ramparts and it’s deep and wide moat. The fort is spread over an area of 133 acres and is surrounded by a moat that was once home to about 10,000 crocodiles.
The fort is now maintained by the Archaeological Department of India (ASI) and is opened up to tourists.
Image Attribution : Rajaraman Sundaram
Interesting Facts about the Vellore Fort
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- During the British Empire, Tipu Sultan and his family as well as the last Lord of Sri Lanka, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, were kept as captives inside the fortress. The tombs of Padshah Begum (Tipu Sultan’s wife), Tipu’s sons, Bakshi Begum (wife of Tipu’s son Hyder Ali) and of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha can be found inside the fort.
- The fort was constructed out of granite brought in from the nearby districts of Arcot and Chittoor.
- The fortress being ruled under dynasties of varying religions and faith, depicts a blend of all cultures. It houses the Jalakandeswarar Temple, the St. John’s Church and a Muslim Mosque.
- Vellore Fort has stood the testimony of time with its ownership being passed at different points of time, shown as below:
- Vijayanagar Empire – built around the middle of 16th century, ruled until mid 17th century
- Bijapur Sultans – ruled the kingdom between 1656-1678
- Marathas – ruled the kingdom between 1678-1707
- Mughals – ruled the kingdom between 1707-1760 before it went into British hands
- The fort also houses the Government Museum depicting historical monuments of erstwhile composite North Arcot District (present Vellore and Tiruvannamalai) and displaying objects that covers various subjects.
- The Vellore Christian Hospital along with many other important public offices is located inside the premises of the fort.
How to reach Vellore Fort
Vellore Fort is located at a distance of 138 kilometres from Chennai. Katpadi Junction in Vellore (around 7.5 kilometres north of the fort) is the nearest railway station. Vellore is well connected by road and rail with all the major cities in South India. The nearest international airport is at Chennai, 128 kilometres east of Vellore.
Vattakottai Fort is located at around 7 kilometres from Kanyakumari, the southern tip of India. It is a seaside fort with a picturesque view of the sea on one side and the Western Ghats hills on the other side.
The Fort comes under the supervision of Indian Archaeological Department and has been declared as a protected site.
History of the Vattakottai Fort
Vattakottai Fort was constructed in the 18th century by the Venad Kings of Travancore as a coastal-defense barricade. The fort was modified under the supervision of ex-Dutch naval officer of the Dutch East India Company, Eustachius De Lannoy who became the commander of the Travancore Army. De Lannoy rebuilt the fort during the rule of Travancore King Marthanda Varma.
Architecture of Vattakottai Fort
Vattakottai Fort has been restored and is now a major tourist location in Kanyakumari. The architecture of this impressive fort and its location along the coast of Bay of Bengal makes the place a must-visit.
The Fort spreads over an area of 3.5 acres and is surrounded by mighty walls of about 25 feet height. The Fort houses watchtowers, weapon rooms, and a secret path (now closed) connecting the Fort to Padmanabhapuram Palace. It is believed that the Palace could once be seen clearly from the Fort. The Fort has been constructed using granite blocks.
A small pond in the centre of the Fort is an added attraction. Tourists can enjoy a mesmerizing view of the sea and the surroundings from the parade ground at the Fort. To spend some time at the beach near the site with gleaming black sand is an enthralling experience.
Timings of Vattakottai Fort
The Fort is open on all days from 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. Entry to the Fort is free.
Padmanabhapuram Palace is located in Padmanabhapuram near Thuckalay, Kalkulam Taluk of Kanyakumari District. It is also known as Kalkulam Palace.
Padmanabhapuram was the ancient capital of erstwhile kingdom of Travancore. The town is located at a distance of 20 kilometres from Nagercoil and 60 kilometres from Thiruvananthapuram.
Padmanabhapuram comes under the State premises of Tamil Nadu but is owned by the Government of Kerala. The Palace is maintained by the Govt. of Kerala Archaeology Department.
The opulence of the royal palace and its astounding architecture makes this place a massive tourist attraction.
Origin and Historical Significance of the Palace
The construction of the palace dates back to 1601 AD under the ruler of Venad (a medieval kingdom) Iravi Varma Kulashekara Perumal. The palace was rebuilt in around 1750 AD by King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma. The King dedicated the kingdom to his family deity Sree Padmanabha (a form of Lord Vishnu) and ruler the kingdom as a dasa/servant of Lord Padmanabha. And henceforth the palace came to be known as Padmanabhapuram or the city of Lord Padmanabha.
During the reign of Avittam Tirunal Balarama Varma (successor of Marthanda Varma), the fortifications of the palace were captured and utilized by British soldiers in 1809. With the disclosure of a fortified settlement around the Padmanabha Swamy Temple in Thiruvananthpuram, Padmanabhapuram lost its prominence. The 1850’s marked an accelerated decline of the Palace.
In 1934, with the combined efforts of Sree Chithira Tirunal Balarama Varma (the last Maharaja of Travancore), the Queen Mother Sethu Parvathi Bayi and Dewan Sir. C.P. Ramaswami Aiyer, the palace was bought to the notice of the Archaeology Department. In 1935, the palace was converted into a museum complex.
The Palace & Its Unique Rooms
The Padmanabhapuram Palace, spread around an area of 6.5 acres, consists of many divisions that include:
The Reception Hall – The Poomukha Malika
The Poomukha Malika has a triangular arch that leads to other portions of the complex. The engraved wooden ceiling of the arch has 90 different flower carvings.
Mantrasala – The King’s Council Chamber
The Mantrasala is where the King conducted meetings and took administrative decisions. There are fine carvings on the ceiling and beams of the room. The room also has a single gable and eleven small windows (kilivaadhil).
Queen Mother’s Palace – The Thai Kottaram
The Thai Kottaram is the oldest structure in the complex built in the mid of 19th century. The naalukettu style structure (four halls joined together with a central courtyard open to the sky) is finely engraved.
Natakashala/Navarathri Mandapam – The Performance Hall
The rectangular Performance Hall has ornately carved monolith pillars adorned with bands of floral and geometric patterns and human figures in various Natyasastra postures. The hall is adjoined with a temple dedicated to Goddess Saraswathi.
Central Mansion
At the center of the palace complex is the four-storeyed building that was constructed during the reign of King Mardhanda Varma. Most of the walls in the palace complex have built-in recesses for storage of weapons.
The ground floor of the mansion houses the royal treasury and first floor houses the king’s bedrooms. The second floor has the king’s resting and study rooms. The top floor also called the Upparikka Malika was used as the worship chamber and has exquisite murals decorated on the walls.
Thekke Kottaram – Southern Palace
The Thekke Kottaram is also an old structure like the Thai Kottaram. This complex houses a heritage museum with exhibits of antique household articles and objects.
The Clock Tower
The Clock Tower is situated to the north of the Mantrasala. It was built by a local blacksmith with the sound covering a 3 kilometre radius.
Other Prominent Features of the Palace
- The Palace is a masterpiece of Kerala architecture. The wooden palace with its murals, black granite flooring, intricate floral carvings and sculpted indoors transports the visitors to the ancient past.
- The palace is said to have a secret passage (now blocked) for usage by the kings and his family in case of any emergencies.
- A flight of steps that lead to a bathing pond.
- Visitors can also marvel at the antiques including old Chinese jars, a variety of weapons, furniture, wood and stone sculptures and paintings depicting the history of Travancore.
- The ornamental cot used by the King is said to have been made of about 64 wooden pieces of a variety of medicinal tree trunks.
Padmanabhapuram Palace Visiting Hours & Fee Details
It is open on all days except for Mondays from 9:00 AM to 12:30 PM and from 2:00 PM to 4:30 PM. The Palace is closed on National Holidays. Parking fee of Rs 50 is charged. Visitors can also buy a detailed guide book available in Tamil, English and Malayalam languages, at the ticker counter priced at Rs. 100.
The entrance fee is charged as below:
| Adult | Rs. 35/- |
| Adult (Foreign National) | Rs. 300/- |
| Children (5-12 Yrs) | Rs. 10/- |
| Children (Foreign National) | Rs. 100/- |
| Still Camera | Rs. 50/- |
| Video Camera | Rs. 2500/- |
How to reach Padmanabhapuram Palace
Padmanabhapuram Palace is located 2 kilometres from Thiruvananthapuram-Kanyakumari National Highway (NH 66).
The nearest railway station is at Nagercoil (16 kilometres away) that connects the town with major cities in South India.Trivandrum International Airport is the nearest airport (52 kilometres away).
Epilogue
Padmanabhapuram Palace is a testimony of the traditional style of Kerala architecture. A visit to the place will surely take one to the classic era of the Travancore State.
The city of Gangai Konda Cholapuram is situated at 70 kilometres from Tanjore. It was built in the early 11th century by King Rajendra Chola, the son and successor of King Rajaraja Chola. The city has a prominent place in the history of India as the capital of Chola dynasty for about 250 years. The foundation stone of the Gangai Kinda Cholapuram temple was laid in 1020 AD, to represent the essence of Lord Shiva. This temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘Great Living Chola Temples’.
History of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
The name Gangai Konda Cholapuram means “The town of the Chola who captured Ganges” marking the victorious march of Rajendra Chola to the Ganges. It epitomizes the accomplishments of the King. The temple is built equivalent to the magnum opus of Brihadeeswara Temple of Tanjavur.
Significance of the temple
The Gangai Konda Cholapuram temple has the biggest Shiva Lingam in South India. The temple is the abode of the 4 metre high lingam of Lord Shiva in phallic form. The unique idol of the Lord in the form of ardhanareesshwar (half masculine, half feminine) reflects the duality that exists in divine energy. The temple is adorned with beautiful sculptures of ‘Suryapita’ and ‘Navagrahas’.
Architecture of Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
The architectural excellence found in the Gangai Konda Cholapuram Temple is second to none. The 182 feet tall tower (Vimana) is the second biggest after Thanjavur Big Temple. The temple’s incredible sculptures and carvings, rich and intricate artistry makes it a famous historical spot.
Deities of the Temple
- The temple has the biggest Lingam (13.5 feet high). The Lingam manifestation in a dual form is different from the shrines of other Shiva temples.
- The entrance way to the presiding deity is adorned by a magnificent image of Goddess Saraswathi.
- The statue of Nandi (the vehicle of Lord Shiva) is bigger in size than that of Tanjavur. The Nandi is made of line stone.
- The other notable masterpieces that embellish the sanctum are the cosmic image of Lord Shiva, emblematic representation of the Sun God, the sculpted version of Goddess Parvati and the dancing form of Lord Ganesha.
- A rare stone by name Chandrakanta has been installed under the main shrine which possesses the characteristic of making the sanctum sanctorum warm in winter and cool in summer.
Temple Timings – Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
- 6:00 AM to 12:00 PM
- 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM
Pooja Timings – Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
| Morning Pooja/Kala Sandhi | 9:00 AM |
| Mid Noon Pooja/Utchi kalam | 12:00 Noon |
| Evening Pooja/Sayaratchai | 6:00 PM |
| Night Pooja/Artha Jamam | 8:00 PM |
Temple Festivals – Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple
The major festivals observed in the temple are:
- Maha Shivrathri in February-March
- Aipasi Poornima full moon day in October-November
- Panguni Utsav in March-April
- Margazhi Tiruvadhirai in December-January
How to reach Gangai Konda Cholapuram?
Gangai Konda Cholapuram lies on NH 227 from Chidambaram to Trichy and is well connected to all major cities by road. The place is at a distance of 42 kilometres from Chidambaram and 40 kilometres from Mayiladuthurai. Nearest rail head is at Kumbakonam (34 kilometres). Nearest airport is at Trichy (135 kilometres away), Chennai International Airport is at a distance of 245 kilomteres.
Brihadeeswarar Temple – An Architectural Marvel
Brihadeeswarar Temple in Tanjore (Thanjavur), Tamil Nadu is dedicated to Lord Shiva. The temple is a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the “Great Living Chola Temples”. Also known as the Big Temple, it has one of the most beautiful architectural grandeur of the Chola era.
The revered Brihadeeswarar temple is located in Thanjavur, about 350 kilometres southwest of Chennai. It is very near (around 1 kilometre) from the Old bus stand in Thanjavur.
History of the Temple
The Brihadeeswarar Temple also called the Rajarajesvaram or Peruvudaiyar Koyil was built by King Raja Raja Chola I in the 11th century. Tanjavur was an important city to the ancient Cholas, who converted it into a major temple city from a collection of villages. The Brihadeeswara Temple was built in the centre of the city. Its glorious Dravidian architecture and Indian workmanship has made it unique over the years. The temple which was named Rajarajesvaram after it was edified by Raja Raja Chola I in the year 1010 AD, was later on renamed as Brihadeeswara temple following the invasion of Tanjore by The Marathas and Nayakas.
The name Brihadeeswara is derived from two Sanskrit words namely “Brihat” meaning “lofty or big” and “Ishvara” meaning “Lord , Shiva”, giving it the name “The big Lord Shiva temple” or “The all pervasive Lord”.
Architectural Excellence of Brihadeeswarar Temple
A masterpiece in architecture, the Brihadeeswara temple though adopting the architectural elements of South India, was much ahead of its time. And though none of the massive palaces that were built during the reign of the Cholas exist now, the fact that Brihadeeswara Temple has stood the testimony of time for more than a thousand years proves the superior architectural accomplishment of the Chola dynasty and the patron’s incomparable devotion for Lord Shiva. One of the most prominent features of the temple is that it is so designed that the Vimana/Shikara does not cast a shadow at noon. It is also the first complete granite temple in the world built with intricately carved designs.
The temple is a marvel made out in granite, the granite in its massive size is believed to be brought from far off places since it has been observed that no granite quarry is available around the temple.
Structures in and around the Temple
The temple complex is a rectangle one and is built on a higher platform of a man-made mound. It is surrounded by a moat (channel filled with water) on two sides and the Grand Anaicut river on the other side.
There are two entrances to the temple. It can be entered into through a five-story gopuram or through a smaller free-standing gopuram that takes you directly to the main complex. The main gateways or gopurams are on the east side. The first gopuram Keralantakan Tiruvasal was built by and bears the surname of King Rajaraja. The inner courtyard gopuram, about 100 metres ahead is called the Rajarajan Tiruvasal. This gopuram leads to a vast courtyard.
The great tower and the main temple monuments are in the middle of the courtyard. Around the main temple, are a number of sub-shrines that are mostly aligned axially. The large pillared Pradakshina veranda (circumambulation path) is built around the courtyard.
The temple built on a space of 240 metres by 122 metres is divided into five main sections:
- Sri Vimana – The Vimana or temple tower of Brihadeeswara temple is one of the tallest in the world with an elevation of 66 metres. It is unbelievable to see an octagonal-shaped cap stone weighing about 81 tonnes placed on top of the Vimana. The Vimana is referred to as the Dakshina Meru (Meru mountain of the South), owing to its imposing massiveness.
- Nandi Mandapam – At the entrance of the temple is a figurine of Nandi (the consecrated bull, the divine vehicle of Lord Shiva) which is monolithic measuring approximately 13 feet high and 16 feet long. The idol of Nandi, belonging to Nayaka period, has been remarkably carved from a single rock and it faces the main shrine in the sanctum sanctorum. The Nandi Mandapa is filled with pillars with ornate sculptures.
- Mukhamandapam – Mukhamandam or the main community hall is aligned between the Nandi Mandapam and the sanctum. The entrance of the Mukhamandapam has two dwarapalakas (guards). This hall is believed to have been used by musicians and dancers performing in service of Lord Shiva.
- Mahamandapam – The Mahamandapam or the great gathering hall has six pillars on each side filled with artwork. This mandapam also is bordered by two giant stone dwarapalakas. The Mahamandapam is linked to the Mukhamandapam by stairs.
- Ardhamandapam – Ardhamandapam is the building structure that connects the Mahamandapam with the sanctum.
Garba Griha (Sanctum Sanctorum)
The innermost chamber (knows as ‘Periya Kovil’) is at the center of the courtyard. It hosts the chief deity of the temple, Lord Shiva in the form of a huge stone Linga. The Linga is 29 ft high and is one of the largest monolithic sculptures in India.
Other Deities & Sculptures
Other deities of the temple called the Koshtha Moorthigal, are found in the outer wall. These deities include Dakshinamurthy, Surya, Chandra, Agni, Yam, Nirrti, Varuna, Vayu, Kuber, Isana and Ashta Dikpaalakas. In addition to the main deities, each side has dwarapalakas and various sculptures. The ground floor sanctum walls are adorned by the following sculptures:
- East Wall – Lingodbhava, Pashupata Murti and two Dwarapalakas along side the pathway from Ardhamandapam.
- South Wall – Ganesha, Vishnu with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, Lakshmi, Vishnu-Anugraha murti, Bhikshatana, Virabhadra, Dakshinamurti, Kalantaka, Nataraja and the two Dwarapalakas.
- West Wall – Harihara, Lingodbhava, Chandrashekhara without Prabhavali, Chandrashekara with Prabhavali and the two Dwarapalakas.
- North Wall – Ardhanarishvara, Gangadhara without Parvathi, Pashupata Murti, Shiva-Alingana Murti, Saraswati, Mahishasuramardini, Bhairava and the two Dwarapalakas.
On the second floor is depicted, Lord Shiva’s Tripurantaka form (Lord Shiva with four arms-an axe and deer on the upper pair and bow and arrow on the lower pair of the arms) in different postures. Above these floors is the towering Vimana and single granite block.
Brihadeeswarar Temple Attractions
- The walls of the complex are decked with beautiful paintings belonging to the Chola and Nayak period.
- The main temple is entirely built of granite. More than 130,000 tons of granite is said to have been used to build it.
- The temple is said to have inscriptions (in Tamil and Grantha scripts) divulging information about the features of the temple and its construction. The north wall of enclosure includes inscriptions detailing about the people employed and supported by the temple. The inscriptions also state the daily rituals to be conducted, details of offerings and decorations to be made, jewels used in the period, methods of worship on important occasions and other information regarding the administration of the temple.
- The walls and architectural surroundings is said to be adorned with carvings and colourful paintings depicting the rich history of art, culture, mythology and science of the era.
- The temple is more than 1000 years old and finds its place in many of the contemporary works of the period like Muvar Ula and Kalingathuparani.
- The temple has been declared as a heritage monument by the Government of India and administered by the Archaeological Survey of India as a protected monument.
- The temple holds its annual dance festivals for over 10 days around the Mahashivarathri in February.
Temple Timings of Brihadeeswarar Temple
It’s very common to see devotees throng the temple in queues as early as 5:00 AM. Sundays are extremely crowded. Timing are as follows
- 5:30 AM to 12:00 PM and
- 4:00 PM to 9:00 PM
Brihadeeswarar Temple Pooja Timings
| Morning Pooja/Kala Sandhi | 8:30 AM |
| Mid Noon Pooja/Utchi Kalam | 12:00 Noon |
| Evening Pooja/Sayaratchai | 5:30 PM |
| Night Pooja/Artha Jamam | 8:30 PM |
Brihadeeswarar Temple Festivals
The major festivals observed in the temple are:
- Chitirai Brahotsavam, 18 days festival during the Tamil month of Chitirai (April-May)
- Shivarathri, in the Tamil month of Maasi (February)
- Navarathri, 9 days festival during the Tamil month of Purattasi (September-October)
- Aaruthra Darshanam, in the Tamil month of Marghali (December-January)
- Pradosham, once in every fortnight
- Girivalam, every full moon day (Pournami)
- Special Pooja during the days of Thiruvadhirai, Aadi pooram and Karthigai
- Sathabisha star day every month, which is said to be the birth star of King Rajaraja
Accommodation
Thanjavur is known to be one of the most popular religious and cultural hub in Tamil Nadu. The place offers accommodation facilities that suits every budget and preferences.
How to reach Brihadeeswarar Temple
Thanjavur can be easily accessible by road from nearby cities. Frequent government and private buses take you to Thanjavur throughout the day. Thanjavur is the nearest rail head and Tiruchirapalli Airport (65 kilometres) is the nearest airport.
Epilogue
Being a very popular tourist location, the temple is swarmed by tourists throughout the year. Uncover the grandeur of this temple along with the various legends associated with it. The place is a virtual treat for lovers of photography to soak in the divinity preferably in the morning and evening. A perfect blend of religious atmosphere and sheer architectural splendor, Brihadeeswara temple is indeed a sight to behold.
Amir Mahal is one of the greatest attraction in Chennai. The Amir Mahal was constructed in 1798 by the British East India Company to house administrative offices of the company. Robert Chrisholm was given the task of converting the office building into a palace. In 1876, the Nawab moved in with his family into the Amir Mahal. The mahal has since been the residence of the Nawabs of Arcot. Nawab of Arcot used to live here along with his family. It is located in the Royapettah.
The living style of this residency is different from other posh houses/Mahal. Prince of Arcot is very friendly with the supremacy. Not only visitors visit this oldest Palace of Tamilnadu but a number of leaders, Presidents, and many other celebrities also love to visit here. Amir Mahal is one of the oldest and most attractive palaces to visit in Tamilnadu. Amir Mahal was constructed in Indo-Saracenic style. It has been the residence of the family since 1876.
The Nawab’s successor, Mohammad Abdul Ali, and his three brothers still live in the palace with their families. It also has a mini-cricket ground which is currently being renovated by the government. With the end of Nawabship, supremacy took the prime residence of Nawab’s which is Chepauk palace, Marina. Kals Mahal is established in an area of 121-acre land. Presently, this Palace is used as a Public Work Department offices.
Rajivji’s grandfather, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, had also visited Amir Mahal twice, as Prime Minister of India, in 1955 and 1963. World standards, extraordinary architecture, innovative layouts, and well-thought execution make this place a highly coveted point of tourist interest. Do not forget to carry your camera and capture special moments. Amir Mahal is a sure way to refresh and relax after a busy weekday. Explore interesting themes, fabulous designs, colorful landscapes, amusing characters, ambient music, props.
The Valluvar Kottam, located in Chennai, is one such historical monument which is dedicated to the well-known intellectual poet, philosopher and saint, Thiruvalluvar, who penned his well-known Thirukkural more than 2,000 years ago. It was built by M. Karunanidhi, the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.
The construction of Valluvar Kottam was the finest way to pay homage to this great and renowned personality as well his tremendous collection of magnificent works. This is one of the significant sites located in Chennai and is visited by a large number of visitors, every year, from all over the world. In the cultural life of the Tamils, saint Thiruvalluvar has great significance.
The architectural pattern of the Valluvar Kottam is like a temple chariot (39 m high), inside which there is a huge stone effigy of the saint Thiruvalluvar. The architect under whose guidance the Valluvar Kottam was built is a South Indian architect, V. Ganapati Chapatti, who is also the architect of the statue of Saint Thiruvalluvar, sited at Kanyakumari.
The main auditorium of the Valluvar Kottam can provide accommodation to more than 4,000 people at one time and stands as a contemporary cenotaph to the great and distinguished poet and saint, who symbolizes the splendid culture of the Tamils. A very unique feature of the Valluvar Kottam is that it stands baseless, without the support of any pillar.
The 1330 verses of the epic Thirukkural are engraved on the granite columns in the facade hall corridors, enclosing the vast auditorium of the Valluvar Kottam. In the construction of this, about 3000 blocks of stone were used. The lion on the main gateway is very remarkable, decorated with attractive designs. The contribution of saint Thiruvalluvar in Tamil Literature is very notable and admiring, visible through the affection returned to him by his fans through the construction of this remarkable monument.
